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__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Apple Lossless Format "Magic Cookie" Description
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Many encoded formats for audio require additional, codec specific configuration information in order to operate successfully.
This codec specific information is often called a 'magic cookie'. The Apple Lossless codec's 'magic cookie' contains the
ALACSpecificConfig and optional ALACChannelLayoutInfo (both described below).
The 'magic cookie' must accompany the bitstream when stored in any file container (M4A/MP4, CAF) so that it may be provided to the
decoder when decoding the bitstream. From the caller's perspective, the 'magic cookie' is opaque and should be stored in the file
and presented to the decoder exactly as it is vended from the encoder (and consequently stored in the file).
The ALAC 'magic cookie' as stored in a file has all fields described in big-endian order (regardless of file format).
The layout of the 'magic cookie' is as follows:
---------------- ALAC Specific Info (24 bytes) (mandatory) ---------------------------
(ALACSpecificConfig) Decoder Info
---------------- Channel Layout Info (24 bytes) (optional) ----------------------------
(ALAC Channel Layout Info) Channel Layout Info
If the channel layout is absent from the cookie, then the following assumptions are made:
1 channel - mono
2 channels - stereo in left, right order
> 2 channels - no specific channel designation or role.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* ALAC Specific Info (24 bytes) (mandatory)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Apple Lossless codec stores specific information about the encoded stream in the ALACSpecificConfig. This
info is vended by the encoder and is used to setup the decoder for a given encoded bitstream.
When read from and written to a file, the fields of this struct must be in big-endian order.
When vended by the encoder (and received by the decoder) the struct values will be in big-endian order.
/*
struct ALACSpecificConfig (defined in ALACAudioTypes.h)
abstract This struct is used to describe codec provided information about the encoded Apple Lossless bitstream.
It must accompany the encoded stream in the containing audio file and be provided to the decoder.
field frameLength uint32_t indicating the frames per packet when no explicit frames per packet setting is
present in the packet header. The encoder frames per packet can be explicitly set
but for maximum compatibility, the default encoder setting of 4096 should be used.
field compatibleVersion uint8_t indicating compatible version,
value must be set to 0
field bitDepth uint8_t describes the bit depth of the source PCM data (maximum value = 32)
field pb uint8_t currently unused tuning parameter.
value should be set to 40
field mb uint8_t currently unused tuning parameter.
value should be set to 10
field kb uint8_t currently unused tuning parameter.
value should be set to 14
field numChannels uint8_t describes the channel count (1 = mono, 2 = stereo, etc...)
when channel layout info is not provided in the 'magic cookie', a channel count > 2
describes a set of discreet channels with no specific ordering
field maxRun uint16_t currently unused.
value should be set to 255
field maxFrameBytes uint32_t the maximum size of an Apple Lossless packet within the encoded stream.
value of 0 indicates unknown
field avgBitRate uint32_t the average bit rate in bits per second of the Apple Lossless stream.
value of 0 indicates unknown
field sampleRate uint32_t sample rate of the encoded stream
*/
typedef struct ALACSpecificConfig
{
uint32_t frameLength;
uint8_t compatibleVersion;
uint8_t bitDepth;
uint8_t pb;
uint8_t mb;
uint8_t kb;
uint8_t numChannels;
uint16_t maxRun;
uint32_t maxFrameBytes;
uint32_t avgBitRate;
uint32_t sampleRate;
} ALACSpecificConfig;
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Channel Layout Info (24 bytes) (optional)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Apple Lossless codec can support a specific set of channel layouts. When channel information is vended
by the encoder (in the 'magic cookie'), it is formatted in the the ALACChannelLayoutInfo.
When read from and written to a file, the fields of this struct must be in big-endian order.
When vended by the encoder (and received by the decoder) the struct values will be in big-endian order.
/*
struct ALACChannelLayoutInfo (defined in ALACAudioTypes.h)
abstract This struct is used to specify particular channel orderings or configurations.
It is an optional portion of the 'magic cookie', being required to describe specific channel layouts (see below)
of more than 2 channels.
field channelLayoutInfoSize uint32_t indicates the size of the channel layout data
value should be set to 24
field channelLayoutInfoID uint32_t identifier indicating that channel layout info is present
value = 'chan'
field versionFlags uint32_t version flags
value should be set to 0
field channelLayoutTag uint32_t channel layout type
from defined list in ALACAudioTypes.h (see below)
field reserved1 uint32_t currently unused field
value should be set to 0
field reserved2 uint32_t currently unused field
value should be set to 0
*/
typedef struct ALACChannelLayoutInfo
{
uint32_t channelLayoutInfoSize;
uint32_t channelLayoutInfoID;
uint32_t versionFlags;
uint32_t channelLayoutTag;
uint32_t reserved1;
uint32_t reserved2;
} ALACChannelLayoutInfo;
* Channel Layout Tags
These constants will be used to describe the bitstream's channel layout. (defined in ALACAudioTypes.h)
enum
{
kALACChannelLayoutTag_Mono = (100<<16) | 1, // C
kALACChannelLayoutTag_Stereo = (101<<16) | 2, // L R
kALACChannelLayoutTag_MPEG_3_0_B = (113<<16) | 3, // C L R
kALACChannelLayoutTag_MPEG_4_0_B = (116<<16) | 4, // C L R Cs
kALACChannelLayoutTag_MPEG_5_0_D = (120<<16) | 5, // C L R Ls Rs
kALACChannelLayoutTag_MPEG_5_1_D = (124<<16) | 6, // C L R Ls Rs LFE
kALACChannelLayoutTag_AAC_6_1 = (142<<16) | 7, // C L R Ls Rs Cs LFE
kALACChannelLayoutTag_MPEG_7_1_B = (127<<16) | 8 // C Lc Rc L R Ls Rs LFE (doc: IS-13818-7 MPEG2-AAC)
};
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Storing Apple Lossless Magic Cookie in Audio Files
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Apple Lossless Magic Cookie is treated as opaque by file parsing code. The 'magic cookie' vended by the encoder
is placed without modification into the audio file and the read from that file and passed (unmodified) to the decoder.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* CAF File
In a CAF file (Core Audio File), the 'magic cookie' is stored in CAF's Magic Cookie chunk ('kuki').
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* MP4/M4A File
In an MP4/M4A file, the 'magic cookie' is encapsulated in the AudioSample entry of a Sound Description box ('stsd').
An ISO style full box header to describe the ALACSpecificConfig portion is appended to the AudioSampleEntry, followed by the
'magic cookie' as it is vended by the encoder.
(All fields are stored in big-endian order: see ISO/IEC 14496-12 for a full description of the SoundDescription and AudioSampleEntry boxes, etc.)
---------------- SoundDescriptionBox (FullBox) ----------------------------
SampleEntrySize // = sizeof(SoundDescriptionBox)(16) + sizeof (AudioSampleEntry)(AudioSampleEntry.SampleEntrySize)
SampleEntryType // = 'stsd'
VersionFlags // = 0
EntryCount // = 1
---------------- Audio Sample Entry (REQUIRED) -----------------------------
SampleEntrySize // sizeof(AudioSampleEntry)(36) + sizeof(full ISO box header)(12) + sizeof(Apple Lossless Magic Cookie)
SampleEntryType // = 'alac', specifies that the AudioSampleEntry describes an Apple Lossless bitstream
mReserved[6] // = 0
dref index // = 1
reserved[2] // = 0
channel count // = number of channels as a uint_16 value
sample size // = source pcm bitdepth (example = 16bit source pcm)
predefined // = 0
reserved // = 0
sample rate // sample rate as a uint_32 value
Appended to AudioSampleEntry:
ALAC Specific Info Size // uint_32 value, = 36 (12 + sizeof(ALACSpecificConfig))
ALAC Specific Info ID // uint_32 value, = 'alac', format ID which matches the Audio Sample Entry SampleEntryType field
Version Flags // uint_32 value, = 0
Apple Lossless Magic Cookie // 'magic cookie' vended from ALAC encoder (24 or 48 Bytes)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Compatibility
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Previous versions of the Apple Lossless encoder vended a different 'magic cookie'. To ensure compatibility, the Apple Lossless decoder
must be prepared to parse a 'magic cookie' in the format described below. Note that the 'magic cookie' defined above is
encapsulated in the following method and can be extracted as a contiguous set of bytes.
---------------- Format Atom (12 bytes) --------------------------------
(uint_32) Format Atom Size // = 12
(uint_32) Channel Layout Info ID // = 'frma'
(uint_32) Format Type // = 'alac'
---------------- ALAC Specific Info (36 bytes) (required) --------------
(uint_32) ALAC Specific Info Size // = 36 (12 + sizeof(ALACSpecificConfig))
(uint_32) ALAC Specific Info ID // = 'alac', format ID which matches the Audio Sample Entry SampleEntryType field
(uint_32) Version Flags // = 0
[ Apple Lossless Magic Cookie (see above) ]
---------------- Terminator Atom (8 bytes) -----------------------------
(uint_32) Channel Layout Info Size // = 8
(uint_32) Channel Layout Info ID // = 0

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Apache License
Version 2.0, January 2004
http://www.apache.org/licenses/
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
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The Apple Lossless Format
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Apple Lossless supports the following features. Not all of these are implemented in alacconvert, though they are in the codec code provided.
1. Bit depths 16, 20, 24 and 32 bits.
2. Any arbitrary integer sample rate from 1 to 384,000 Hz. In theory rates up to 4,294,967,295 (2^32 - 1) Hz could be supported.
3. From one to eight channels are supported. Channel orders for the supported formats are described as:
Num Chan Order
1 mono
2 stereo (Left, Right)
3 MPEG 3.0 B (Center, Left, Right)
4 MPEG 4.0 B (Center, Left, Right, Center Surround)
5 MPEG 5.0 D (Center, Left, Right, Left Surround, Right Surround)
6 MPEG 5.1 D (Center, Left, Right, Left Surround, Right Surround, Low Frequency Effects)
7 Apple AAC 6.1 (Center, Left, Right, Left Surround, Right Surround, Center Surround, Low Frequency Effects)
8 MPEG 7.1 B (Center, Left Center, Right Center, Left, Right, Left Surround, Right Surround, Low Frequency Effects)
4. Packet size defaults to 4096 sample frames of audio per packet. Other packet sizes are certainly possible. However, non-default packet sizes are not guaranteed to work properly on all hardware devices that support Apple Lossless. Packets above 16,384 sample frames are not supported.
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This package contains the sources for the Apple Lossless (ALAC) encoder and decoder.
The "codec" directory contains all the sources necessary for a functioning codec. Also includes is a makefile that will build libalac.a on a UNIX/Linux machine.
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ALACconvert
The convert-utility directory contains sources to build alacconvert which is a simple utility that demonstrates how to use the included ALAC encoder and decoder.
alacconvert supports the following formats:
1. 16- or 24-bit mono or stereo .wav files where the data is little endian integer. Extended WAVE format chunks are not handled.
2. 16- or 24-bit mono or stereo .caf (Core Audio Format) files as well as certain multi-channel configurations where the data is big or little endian integer. It does no channel order manipulation.
3. ALAC .caf files.
Three project are provided to build a command line utility called alacconvert that converts cpm data to ALAC or vice versa. A Mac OS X Xcode project, A Windows Visual Studio project, and a generic UNIX/Linux make file.
Note: When building on Windows, if you are using a version of Visual Studio before Visual Studio 2010, <stdint.h> is not installed. You will need to acquire this file on your own. It can be put in the same directory as the project.